Manajemen birokrasi dan manajemen pemerintah yang Max Weber kembangkan, mengandung dua elemen penting, termasuk penataan organisasi menjadi hierarki dan memiliki aturan yang jelas untuk membantu mengatur organisasi dan anggotanya.
Max Weber (1864-1920) mendefinisikan sebuah teori untuk mengoperasikan sebuah organisasi dengan cara yang efektif yang terkenal sebagai pendekatan manajemen birokrasi atau birokrasi Weberian.
Menurut Max Weber, pendekatan manajemen birokrasi menekankan perlunya organisasi untuk beroperasi secara rasional daripada mengikuti “keinginan” atau emosi irasional dari pemilik dan manajer.
Dia menemukan karakteristik yang berbeda dalam birokrasi yang secara efektif membantu pengambilan keputusan, pengendalikan sumber daya, melindungi pekerja dan misi tujuan organisasi.
Tingkat Presisi, kecepatan, ketidakjelasan, pengetahuan tentang file, kesinambungan, kebijaksanaan, persatuan, subordinasi ketat, pengurangan perselisihan, dan biaya pribadi – dinaikkan ke titik optimal dalam administrasi birokrasi yang ketat,
Max Weber
Table of Contents
Max Weber Memaparkan 6 (enam) Prinsip Pendekatan Manajemen Birokrasi.
1. Divisi Tenaga Kerja yang Baik
Divisi spesialisasi tenaga kerja harus terus kita perbaiki dan harus ada keseimbangan antara kekuasaan dan tanggung jawab.
2. Rantai Komando
Rantai komando atau hierarki organisasi harus terus kira bangun sedemikian rupa sehingga informasi yang terkait dengan keputusan dan pekerjaan dapat mengalir secara efektif dari atas ke bawah.
3. Pemisahan properti pribadi dan resmi
Aset pemilik dan organisasi harus terpisah dan dapat pemilik atau organisasi perlakukan sama.
4. Penerapan Aturan yang Konsisten dan Lengkap
Harus ada aturan dan peraturan yang tepat dalam organisasi untuk menjalankan organisasi dengan baik. Aturan-aturan ini harus anggota organisasi patuhi.
5. Seleksi dan Promosi Berdasarkan Kualifikasi
Pemilihan dan promosi pekerja harus berdasarkan pada penyamaan seperti: keterampilan, pengalaman, usia. Seharusnya tidak boleh terpengaruhi hubungan pribadi.
6. Keputusan dan administrasi perusahaan tercatat dalam dokumen.
Keputusan dan administrasi perusahaan harus tercatat dalam dokumen sehingga history tetap terjaga.
Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Sistem Manajemen Birokrasi
Kelebihan Dari Sistem Manajemen Birokrasi ini adalah:
- Ada rantai komando yang terdefinisi dengan baik.
- Ini mengikuti prinsip Rasionalitas, Objektif, dan Konsistensi.
- Hubungan antara anggota organisasi adalah hubungan formal dan impersonal. Dan ini berdasarkan pada posisi dan bukan pada kepribadian.
- Peraturan harus terdefinisikan dengan baik, yang menunjukkan tugas dan hak-hak karyawan.
Aturan-aturan ini berlaku untuk semua orang dari bawah organisasi dan harus benar-benar organisasi patuhi. - Seleksi dan Promosi berdasarkan pada kualifikasi Teknis.
- Hanya kekuatan birokrasi atau hukum yang organisasi anggap penting.
Kekurangan Dari Sistem Manajemen Birokrasi ini adalah:
- Penekanannya hanya pada aturan dan regulasi.
- Akan ada penundaan yang tidak perlu dalam pengambilan keputusan karena formalitas dan aturan Organisasi Birokrasi.
- Koordinasi dan komunikasi terhambat karena terlalu banyak formalitas dan aturan.
- Birokrasi melibatkan banyak dokumen dan memiliki terlalu banyak wewenang yang mengakibatkan banyak pemborosan waktu, tenaga dan uang. Tidak ideal untuk efisiensi.
- Karena formalitasnya yang terlalu banyak, pendekatan birokrasi tidak cocok untuk organisasi bisnis. Model birokrasi mungkin cocok untuk organisasi pemerintah.
- Terlalu banyak kepentingan diberikan pada kualifikasi teknis karyawan untuk promosi dan transfer. Dedikasi dan komitmen karyawan tidak dipertimbangkan.
- Cakupan terbatas untuk Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM). Tidak ada kepentingan diberikan kepada kelompok informal.
Pendekatan birokrasi Max Weber bekerja sebagai solusi untuk masalah sistem administrasi tradisional. Tapi itu bukan solusi yang sempurna. Struktur birokrasi memberikan semua kepentingan dan kekuasaan kepada manajemen tingkat atas.
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